Информация о войнах и операциях Армии США

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Здесь вы найдете информацию о подразделениях Армии США, участвовавших в контретных войнах и отдельных операциях (в виде списков подразделений, образцов формы и геральдики), а так же информацию по ношению военной формы в периоды войн, начиная с Войны за независимость и заканчивая Афганистаном 2001 года.
http://www2.powercom.net/~rokats/armyhome.html

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Информация о военных операциях США

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/

разделы по каждому историческому периоду содержат подразделы с информацией по конкретным операциям

Например, период "Холодной войны" :
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ ... ar-ops.htm

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Вотт тут наглядно видно, какие части и соединения в каких конфликтах эпохи "Холодной войны" участвовали

http://www.tomahawks.us/cold_war_units.htm

В частности, хорошо видно, что в составе 23-й пехотной во Вьетнаме действовала рота "G" 75-го рейнджерского...

История и боевые операции рейнджеров США.

Перевод и дополнительные сведления - в следующем сообщении.

http://members.chello.nl/~w.jansen7/rangerhistory2.htm

...................

http://members.chello.nl/~w.jansen7/rangerhistory14.htm


The french and indian war

The French and Indian War saw the return of the Rangers. Major Robert Rogers from New Hampshire organized nine companies to fight for the British from 1756 to 1763. He published a list of 28 common sense rules, and a set of 19 standing orders stressing operational readiness, security, and tactics. He established a training program in which he personally supervised the application of his rules. In June 1758, Rogers was conducting life-fire training exercises.

Roger's operations were characterized by solid preparation and bold movements. His Rangers most famous action was a raid against the Abenaki Indians, renowned for their ferocity. 200 men traveled by foot and boat and covered 400 miles in roughly 60 days. Reaching the native camp undetected on September 29, 1759, the Rangers destroyed it and killed several hundred Indians. The once fearsome Abenaki tribe never posed a threat again.

The Rangers broke new ground in waging war in another way, while other units bivouacked for the winter, they took the fight to the Indians and French on skis, snowshoes, and even ice skates. The Rangers distinguished themselves as scouts and lethal adversaries

Revolutinary War

On June 14, 1775, with war on the horizon, the Continental Congress resolved that "six companies of expert riflemen be immediately raised in Pennsylvania, two in Maryland, and two in Virginia." In 1777, this force of hardy frontiersmen provided the leadership and experiences necessary to form, under Dan Morgan, the organization George Washington called "The Corps of Rangers." This group of 500 men would also be known as Morgan's Riflemen for their commanding officer, Colonel Daniel Morgan. The Rangers caused great losses to British troops at the battles of Freeman's Farm in September 1777 and Cowpens in January 1781. English General John Burgoyne stated that Morgan's Riflemen were "the most famous corps of the Continental Army, all crack shots."

Also active during the Revolutionary War were Thomas Knowlton's Connecticut Rangers. This force of less than 150 hand-picked men were used primarily for reconnaissance. Knowlton was killed leading his men in action at Harlem Heights.

The greatest guerrilla fighter in the American Revolution was Francis Marion. Incredibly daring, he terrorized the entire British Army in South Carolina, striking with fantastic swiftness, then vanishing ghost-like into the swamps. To chase him was a futile nightmare, for the Swamp Fox was too clever and too fearless. Born near Georgetown, South Carolina, Marion was for years a peaceful farmer. When the Cherokees began their massacres he began his fighting career, learning the Indian techniques of surprise attack and sudden disappearance, how to use swamps and forests as cover. Thus when England sent a vast fleet to capture Charleston, Marion was already a brilliant strategist. From a tiny, unfinished island fort he defied fifty warships of the greatest navy in the world. He and his men crippled the entire British fleet and saved the city, though they lacked adequate ammunition, achieving the first important victory of the American Revolution. When Charleston fell to the enemy, Marion escaped and formed Marion's Brigade, one hundred fifty tattered, penniless patriots. None received pay, food or even ammunition from the Continental Army. The only reward they sought was freedom from tyranny, freedom for America.
While the Partisans chiefly fought a guerrilla war from their island base deep in the marshes, they also took part in the capture of three forts and fought on the first line in the Battle of Eutaw Springs, a crucial engagement of the war. Rogers' standing orders were used by them in many of their actions. The fighters from South Carolina finally established themselves as such a threat to British plans for conquest that a detachment led by Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton was assigned to wipe them out. They failed. Tarleton once chased Marion's band through 25 miles of swamp and brush; upon reaching a section that seemed impossible to navigate, Tarelton cursed Marion, crying "the damned swamp fox, the devil himself could not catch him." Marion was named the "Swamp Fox" from then on.
Although Marion received a Congressional citation for wisdom and bravery he was never accorded the honor his country owed him, and when the British evacuated Charleston he was not asked to participate in the celebration because he and his men were too ragged. But that ragged brigade who followed Francis Marion on the long, hard road to American independence earned its rightful plate in history.

The war of 1812

In the time period between the Revolutionary War and the Civil War, American Ranger units saw more action against the British in the War of 1812. At least 12 companies were active during this time, according to the Army Register for December 28, 1813. Rangers would also continue their familiar role of patrolling in search of Indian parties in several states. The Texas Congress mobilized a ranging company in the mid-1830's. These volunteers, issued only ammunition by the state, would soon become the celebrated Texas Rangers.

The civil war

When war broke out between the union and the secessionist states, it was the Confederacy that employed Ranger tactics more widely and with greater success. The prominent rebel Rangers were groups led by Colonel John Singleton Mosby, General John Hunt Morgan, and Colonel Turner Ashby.

The best known Rangers of the Civil War period were commanded by the Confederate Colonel John S. Mosby. Mosby's Rangers operated behind Union limes south of the Potomac. He organised his Rangers in north central Virginia in January 1863. From a three-man scout unit in 1863, Mosby's force grew to an operation of eight companies of Rangers by 1865. He believed that by the use of aggressive action and surprise assaults, he would compel the Union forces to guard a hundred points at one time. Then, by skillful reconnaissance, he could locate one of the weakest points and attack it, assured of victory. On his raids, Mosby employed small members, usually 20 to 50 men. With nine men, he once attacked and routed an entire Union regiment in its bivouac. He was so successful and slippery that he earned the nickname "The Gray Ghost". Mosby's Rangers were proficient riflemen and horsemen who knew the stretch of Virginia in detail. They were so confident of their mastery of the terrain that they would even carry out night operations, a first at that time.
Mosby's most famous achievement during the Civil War was the capture of Union Brigadier General Edwin Stoughton in 1863. Mosby's most well-known mission didn't result in a fire fight or a single Ranger casualty. A Union colonel named Percy Wyndham once insulted Mosby and his group by calling them criminals. Mosby resolved to make Wyndham pay for his words by kidnapping him. Wyndham was located at Fairfax Courthouse, Virginia, which was a union Army post deep behind the lines. Mosby moved out at night with 29 men. They first cut the telegraph wires running between Centerville and Fairfax. They moved past light sentry patrols and arrived at what was supposed to be Wyndham's house. Their information was wrong, it was mot his house. Mosby learned from one of his prisoners that Colonel Wyndham had recently left the camp. He also discovered that a General Edwin H. Stoughton was in Fairfax. Mosby set out to capture the Union commander instead. Posing as Federal messengers, Mosby and his men gained entry to the general's home, grabbed him and returned to a Confederate camp. That night the Rangers succeeded in seizing a Union general, several other officers and enlisted men, and numerous horses while in enemy territory and had come home without a scratch.
Mosby's Rangers were disbanded on April 21st, 1865.

Equally skillful were the Rangers under the command of Colonel Turner Ashby, a Virginian widely known for his daring. The Rangers of Ashby and Mosby did great service for the Confederacy. Specialists in scouting, harassing, and raiding, they were a constant threat and kept large numbers of Union troops occupied.

Confederate general John Hunt Morgan and his cavalry unit began their work in December 1861. Their greatest effort started in July 1863. Morgan and his Rangers attacked at Green River Bridge, Kentucky. Forced to withdraw, they passed through Lebanon, Kentucky, where they captured the town's garrison. Morgan's men then stole two streamer ships; crossed the Ohio River; moved to Corydon, Indiana and seized the town. Union troops and gunboats were scrambled to stop them. While Federal soldiers pursued them and civilians panicked, Morgan's Rangers kept moving and came within a days ride of Lake Erie -- the deepest Rebel penetration northward in the Civil War. The group was finally forced to surrender near East Liverpool. Ohio, near the close of July after causing widespread hysteria and diverting Federal soldiers from the approaching Battle of Chickamauga.

Rangers who fought for the United States during the Civil War should also be mentioned. Although often overlooked in historical accounts, Mean's Rangers captured Confederate General Longstreet's ammunition train, and even succeeded in engaging and capturing a portion of Colonel Mosby's force.

After the close of the Civil War, recognized Army Ranger units would disappear for more than 70 years.

The WWII

At the beginning of its participation in World War II, the United States was unprepared for the largest conflict in the history of western civilization. Allied armies were on the brink of collapse and positive offensive military actions were necessary to restore the morale of the troops and civilian populations. Recognizing this, the U.S. Army created several Ranger battalions to serve in Europe and the Pacific Theaters of War.

The 1st, 3rd and 4th Ranger Battalions

The 1st, 3rd and 4th Ranger Battalions were founded in Europe and North Africa, under the leadership of Major William O. Darby, and were modeled after the British Commandos. Although initially trained to raid German held coastal areas, Darby's Ranger Force was used to spearhead campaigns in North Africa, Sicily, and Italy. In 1944, the 1st and 3rd Ranger Battalions ceased to exist as fighting units when they were surrounded and captured by German forces at Cisterna, Italy. This combat operation resulted in the end of Darby's Ranger Force. The 6 out of 767 men could come home and were send to the Special Forces.

5th Ranger Battalion

But there would be other units. The Fifth Ranger Battalion activated September 1, 1943 at Camp Forrest, commanded by Lt. Colonel Max Schneider, former exec officer of the 4th Ranger Battalion, was part of the provisional Ranger Assault Force commanded by Colonel Rudder. It landed on Omaha Beach with three companies of the 2nd Bn., A, B and C, where elements of the 116th Regiment of the 29th Inf. Division were pinned down by murderous cross fire and mortars from the heights above. It was there that the situation was so critical that General Omar Bradley was seriously considering redirecting reinforcements to other areas of the beachhead. And it was then and there that General Norman D. Cota, Assistant Division Commander of the 29th Division, gave the now famous order that has become the Motto of the 75th Ranger Regiment:
"Rangers, Lead The Way!"
The Fifth Battalion Rangers broke across the sea wall and barbed wire entanglements, and up the pillbox-rimmed heights under intense enemy machine-gun and mortar fire and with A and B Companies of the 2nd Battalion and some elements of the 116th Infantry Regiment, advanced four miles to the key town of Vierville, thus opening the breach for supporting troops to follow-up and expand the beachhead. Meanwhile C Company of the 2nd Battalion, due to rough seas, landed west of the Vierville draw and suffered 50% casualties during the landing, but still scaled a 90 foot cliff using ropes and bayonets to knock out a formidable enemy position that was sweeping the beach with deadly fire.
The Fifth Battalion with elements of the 116th Regiment finally linked up with the beleaguered 2nd Battalion on D+3, although Lt. Charles Parker of A Company, 5th Battalion, had penetrated deep behind enemy lines on D Day and reached the 2nd Battalion with 20 prisoners. Later, with the 2nd Battalion the unit distinguished itself in the hard-fought battle of Brest. Under the leadership of Lt. Colonel Richard Sullivan the Fifth Ranger Battalion took part in the Battle of the Bulge, Huertgen Forest and other tough battles throughout central Europe, winning two Distinguished Unit Citations and the French Croix de Guerre. The outfit was deactivated October 2 at Camp Miles Standish, Massachusetts.

6th Ranger battalion

The Sixth Ranger Battalion, commanded by Colonel Henry (Hank) Mucci, was the first American force to return to the Philippines with the mission of destroying coastal defense guns, radio and radar stations on the islands of Dinegat, Suluan offshore Leyte. This was the first mission for the 6th Battalion that was activated at Port Moresby, New Guinea in September 1944. Landing three days in advance of the main Sixth Army Invasion Force on October 17-18, 1944, they swiftly killed and captured some of the Japanese defenders and destroyed all enemy communications.
The unit took part in the landings of US forces in Luzon, and several behind the lines patrols, penetrations and small unit raids, that served to prime the Rangers for what to become universally known as the greatest and most daring raid in American military history. On January 30th, 1944, C Company, supported by a platoon from F. Company, struck 30 miles behind enemy lines and rescued five hundred emaciated and sickly POWs, survivors of the Bataan Death March. Carrying many of the prisoners on their backs, the Rangers, aided by Filipino guerrillas, killed over two hundred of the garrison, evaded two Japanese regiments, and reached the safety of American lines the following day. Intelligence reports had indicated the Japanese were planning to kill the prisoners as they withdrew toward Manila. Good recon work by the Alamo Scouts also contributed to the success of the Cabana- tuan Raid led by Colonel Mucci.

The 6th would later prepare the way for the 14th Airborne to make a jump onto Camalugian Airfield and bring an end to the fighting in the Philippines. All the Japanese prisoners of war taken during this operation were captured by one platoon from the battalion. It was inactivated December 30th, 1945 in the Philippines.

Merrill's Marauders

Merrill's Marauders, a Ranger type outfit, came into existence as a result of the Quebec Conference of August, 1943. During this conference, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill of England, and other allied leaders conceived the idea of having an American ground unit spearhead the Chinese Army with a Long Range Penetration Mission behind enemy lines in Burma. Its goal would be the destruction of Japanese communications and supply lines and generally to play havoc with enemy forces while an attempt was made to reopen the Burma Road.

5307th Composite Unit (Provisional)

A Presidential call for volunteers for "A Dangerous and Hazardous Mission" was issued, and approximately 2,900 American soldiers responded to the call. Officially designated as the 5307th Composite Unit (Provisional) code name "GALAHAD" the unit later became popularly known as MERRILL'S MARAUDERS, named after its leader, Brigadier General Frank Merrill. Organized into combat teams, two to each battalion, the Marauder volunteers came from a variety of theatres of operation. Some came from Stateside cadres; some from the jungles of Panama and Trinidad; and the remainder were battle-scarred veterans of Guadalcanal, New Georgia, and New Guinea campaigns. In India some Signal Corps and Air Corps personnel were added, as well as pack troops with mules.

After preliminary training operations undertaken in great secrecy in the jungles of India, about 600 men were detached as a rear echelon HQ to remain in India to handle the soon-to-be vital air-drop link between the six Marauder combat teams (400 to a team) and the Air Transport Command. Color-coded Red, White, Blue, Green, Orange and Khaki, the remaining 2400 Marauders began their March up the Ledo Road and over the outlying ranges of the Himalayan Mountains into Burma. The Marauders, with no tanks or heavy artillery to support them, walked over 1,000 miles throughout extremely dense and almost impenetrable jungles and came out with glory.

Trained to perform long range patrols and function in the enemy's rear area, the 5307th disrupted Japanese supplies and communication. In five major and thirty minor engagements, they defeated the veteran soldiers of the Japanese 18th Division (conquerors of Singapore and Malaya) who vastly outnumbered them. Always moving to the rear of the main forces of the Japanese, they completely disrupted enemy supply and communication lines, and climaxed their behind-the-lines operations with the capture of Myitkina Airfield, the only all-weather airfield in Burma.Their mission was to pave the way for the construction of the Ledo Road, a connection between the Indian railway and the old Burma road to China and possess Myitkyina Airfield, the only all-weather landing strip in north Burma. By this time the 5307th had suffered eighty percent casualties, including several of its commanders. Several months later, in August 1944, after being designated the 475th Infantry Regiment and made part of the Mars Task Force, the unit captured the town of Myitkyina itself.

The unit was consolidated with the 475th Infantry on August 10, 1944. On June 21, 1954, the 475th was redesignated the 75th Infantry. It is from the redesignation of Merrill's Marauders into the 75th Infantry Regiment that the modern-day 75th Ranger Regiment traces its current unit designation.

29th Ranger battalion

Little is known by the public at large about the Ranger Battalion that was formed December 20th, 1942, with volunteers from the 29th Infantry Division then stationed in England commanded by Major Randolph Milholland, this unit also was trained by the British Commandos at Achnacarry, Scotland, and its highly motivated Rangers, eager for action, had high hopes of operating independently on Commando type missions. After graduating with honors, the unit was attached to Lord Lovat's Number 4 Commando Troop for tactical training and cliff climbing, winning the respect of Lord Lovat and the approval of Brig. Gen. Norman Cota who was then chief liaison for Maj. Gen. Russell Hartle.
It is known several 29th Ranger Battalion men did go on a raid with the Commandos on an island off the coast of France and acquitted themselves well, killing three Germans, and on the 20th of September, 1943, a company moved to Dover to take part in a raid on the Continent. But gloom descended on the unit when it was learned that the raid was canceled. And even more disappointment followed when Headquarters, 29th Infantry Division issued General Orders disbanding the unit on October 18, 1943. Many of the Rangers went back to their former companies in the 29th Infantry Division and fought from D Day to the day the Germans were defeated. The 29th Ranger Battalion, will always have an honored place in the history of the American Rangers.

Korean War

The outbreak of hostilities in Korea in June of 1950 again signaled the need for Rangers. Colonel John Gibson Van Houten was selected by the Army Chief of Staff to head the Ranger training program at Ft. Benning, Georgia.
On September 15, 1950, Colonel Van Houten reported to the Chief of Staff, Office of the Chief of Army Field Forces, Fort Monroe, Virginia. He was informed that training of Ranger-type units was to begin at Ft. Benning at the earliest possible date. The target date was October 1, 1950 with a tentative training period of 6 weeks.
The implementing orders called for formation of a headquarters detachment and four Ranger infantry companies (airborne). Requests went out for volunteers who were willing to accept "extremely Hazardous" duty in the combat zone in the Far East.
In the 82nd Airborne Division, the results of the call for volunteers was astounding. Some estimates were as high as 5,000 men (experienced Regular Army Paratroopers). The ruthless sorting out process began. Where possible, selection of the men was accomplished by the officers who would command the companies, similar to colonial days when Robert Rogers was recruiting.
Orders were issued and those selected shipped to Ft. Benning. The First group arrived on September 20. Training began on Monday, October 9, 1950, with three companies of airborne qualified personnel. On October 9, 1950 another company began training. These were former members of the 505th Airborne Infantry Regiment and the 80th Anti-aircraft Artillery Battalion of the 82nd Airborne Division. Initially designated the 4th Ranger Company, they would soon be redesigned the 2nd Ranger Infantry Company (Airborne), the only Department of the Army authorized, all-black Ranger Unit in the history of the United States.
All volunteers were professional soldiers with many skills who often taught each other. Some of the men had fought with the original Ranger Battalions, The First Special Service Force, or the Office of Strategic Services during World War II. Many of the instructors were drawn from this same group. The faces of this select group may have appeared youthful, but these were men highly trained and experienced in Ranger operations during World War II.
The training was extremely rigorous. Training consisted of amphibious and airborne (including low-level night jumps) operations, demolitions, sabotage, close combat, and the use of foreign maps. All American small arms, as well as those used by the enemy, were mastered. Communications, as well as the control of artillery, naval, and aerial fires, were stressed. Much of the training was at night.
The 1st Ranger Infantry Company (Airborne) departed from Ft. Benning, Georgia on November 15, 1950, and arrived in Korea on December 17, 1950, where it was attached to the 2nd Infantry Division. It was soon followed by the 2nd and 4th Ranger Companies, who arrived on December 29. The 2nd Ranger Company was attached to the 7th Infantry Division. The 4th Ranger company served both Headquarters, Eighth US Army, and the 1st Cavalry Division.

Throughout the Winter of 1950 and the Spring of 1951, the Rangers went into battle. They were nomadic warriors, attached first to one regiment and then another. They performed "out-front" work: scouting, patrolling, raids, ambushes, spearheading assaults, and as counterattack forces to regain lost positions.
Attached on the basis of one 112 man company per 18,000 man infantry division, the Rangers compiled an incredible record. Nowhere in American military history is the volunteer spirit better expressed. They were volunteers for the Army, for airborne training, for the Rangers and for combat.
The Rangers went into battle by air, land and water. The 1st Ranger Infantry Company (Airborne) opened with an extraordinary example of land navigation, then executed a daring night raid 9 miles behind enemy lines destroying an enemy complex. The enemy installation was later identified by a prisoner as the Headquarters of the 12th North Korean Division. Caught by surprise and unaware of the size of the American force, two North Korean Regiments hastily withdrew from the area. The 1st Company as in the middle of the major battle of Chipyong-Ni and the "May Massacre." It was awarded two Distinguished Unit Citations. The 2nd and 4th Ranger Companies made a combat jump at Munsan-Ni where Life magazine reported patrols operating North of the 38th parallel. The 2nd Ranger Company plugged a critical gap left by a retreating allied force. The 4th Ranger Company executed a daring over-water raid at the Hwachon Dam. The 3rd Ranger Company (attached to the 3rd Infantry Division) had the motto "Die Bastard, Die!" The 5th Ranger Company, fighting as an attachment to the 25th Infantry Division, performed brilliantly during the Chinese "5th Phase Offensive." Gathering up every soldier he could find, the Ranger company commander held the line with Ranger Sergeants commanding line infantry units. In the Eastern sector, the Rangers were the first unit to cross the 38th parallel on the second drive North.
The 8th Ranger Infantry Company (Airborne) was attached to the 24th Infantry Division. They were known as the "Devils." A 33 man platoon from the 8th Ranger Company fought a between-the-lines battle with two Chinese reconnaissance companies. Seventy Chinese were killed. The Rangers suffered two dead and three wounded, all of whom were brought back to friendly lines.
Of the 18 Ranger companies formed during the Korean war, 17 were certified Airborne and 7 actually participated in combat. In October of 1951 the Ranger Training Command was redesignated as the Ranger Department. Its mission was to train soldiers in Ranger techniques under the toughest conditions possible.

On October 22, 1951 the Chief of Army Field Forces would change the emphasis of Fort Benning's Ranger program from training airborne companies to teaching individuals. The last of the Ranger Companies were inactivated less than a month later.

Vietnam War

The U.S. Army's Long Range Recon Patrols evolved in Germany from NATOs development of the concept in the late 1950s. This concept was influenced by the British Special Air Service's (SAS) successful use of small, independently operating, deep reconnaissance patrols.
This model was quickly adopted for use in southeast Asia in the Vietnam War (1965-73) with 4-6 man LRRP/LRP teams. These teams were continuously deployed during the longest war in American military history. During this conflict, American volunteers would recon deep within enemy-held territory. Their missions soon expanded to include ambushes, prisoner snatches, and BDAs (bomb damage assessments). Equipped with communications gear, helicopter gunships and artillery, these teams dealt some stunning blows to large-scale NVA/VC units. But their small size and distance from friendly forces also left them vulnerable to enemy attacks.
In 1969 the LRRP/LRP companies were redesignated as Ranger companies of the 75th Infantry (Ranger) Regiment, and inherited the lineage of the 5307th Composite Unit (Provisional), and the 475th Infantry. To many of the soldiers who had already been fighting in the jungles, mountains and swampy delta areas of Vietnam, the change meant very little at the time. They just continued performing the same mission they had been for the previous four to five years.

Training was a combat misson for volunteers. Volunteers were assigned, not accepted in the various Ranger Compannies, until, after a series of patrols, the volunteer had passed the acid tes of a Ranger, Combat, and was accepted by his peers. Following the peer acceptance, the volunteer was allowed to wear the black baret and wear the Red, White and Black scroll shoulder sleeve insignia bearing his Ranger Company identity. All Long Range Patrol Companies and 75th Ranger Companies were authorized Parachute pay. Modus Operandi for patrol insertion varied , however, the helicopter was the primary means for insertion and exfiltration of enemy rear areas. Other methods included foot, wheeled, tracked vehicle, airboats, Navy Swift Boats, and stay behind missions where the Rangers remained in place as a larger tactical unit withdrew. False insertions by helicopter was a means of security from ever present enemy trail watchers. General missions consisted of locating the enemy bases and lines of communication. Special missions included wiretap, prisoner snatch, Platoon and Company size Raid Missions and Bomb Damage Assessment (BDA) following B-52 Arc-Light missions. Staffed initially by graduates of the US Army Ranger School (at the outset of the war, later by volunteers, some of whom were graduates of the in-country Ranger School, the Recondo School and, line company cadres), Paratroopers, and Special Forces trained men, the bulk of the Ranger volunteers came from the soldiers who had no chance to attend the schools, but carrie dthe fight to the enemy. These Rangers remained with their units through some of the most difficult patrolling action(s) in Army history, and frequently fought much larger enemy forces when comprimised on their reconnaissance missions.

There were also Vietnamese Rangers (1960-75) during this conflict, trained and advised by American Rangers. These BDQ (Biet-Dong-Quan), commonly known as ARVN Rangers, fought in larger-sized units.

Army Chief of Staff Creighton Abrams, who observed the 75th Ranger operations in Vietnam as Commander of all US Forces there, selected the 75th Rangers as the role model for the first US Army Ranger units formed during peacetime in the history of the United States Army.

Rangers static presence in the army

The outbreak of the 1973 Middle East War prompted the Department of the Army to be concerned about the need for a light mobile force that could be moved quickly to any trouble spot in the world. In the Fall of 1973, General Creighton Abrams, Army Chief of Staff formulated the idea of the reformation of the first battalion-sized Ranger units since World War IL In January, 1974, he sent a message to the field directing formation of a Ranger Battalion. He selected its missions and picked the first officers. He felt a tough, disciplined and elite Ranger unit would set a standard for the rest of the United States Army and that, as Rangers "graduated " from Ranger units to Regular Army units, their influence would improve the entire Army. Following are some of General Abram's comments on the Rangers which, in their early days, were often referred to as "Abram's Own. "
"The Ranger Battalion is to be an elite, light, and the most proficient infantry battalion in the world; a battalion that can do things with its hands and weapons better than anyone. The Battalion will contain no 'hoodlums' or 'brigands' and that lathe battalion were formed of such, it would be disbanded."
"The organization of the Battalion must be done right, there (is) no timetable for this effort, (that) it must be determined first what has to be done and with what equipment and facilities "
The 1st Ranger Battalion was activated on February 8, 1974 at Fort Stewart, Georgia after originally forming at Fort Benning. The 2nd Ranger Battalion would be formed on October 1, 1974. The 1st Battalion would establish headquarters at Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia, while 2nd Battalion would settle at Fort Lewis, Washington.

Iran Hostage Rescue

The ill-fated attempt to rescue the American Embassy personnel held hostage in Teheran, Iran, code-named Desert One, was primarily a Special Forces Operation. It is not generally known that Rangers were also to take part. While 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment Delta was to perform the actual rescue, Company C, 1st Battalion, 75th Infantry Regiment (Ranger), was to provide security for the men and equipment.

The rescue force assembled in Egypt on 21 April 1980. Three days later, a fleet of C-141s carried the 120 man force to Masirah Island, off the coast of Oman, where they transferred to three MC-130s accompanied by three fuel bearing EC-130s. They landed 200 miles southeast of Teheran at 2200 hours and waited for the arrival of eight RH-53D Sea Stallion helicopters from the aircraft carrier Nimitz. A twelve man road watch team, composed primarily of Rangers, was along to secure the site while the helicopters refueled. the team would return to Egypt on one of the MC-130s.

Delta was to be flown to a hide site before dawn on 25 April by the RH-53Ds, which would remain at their own hide site until the assault on the compound where the hostages were held. The plan was to use the helicopters to ferry the hostages to waiting transport.

The task of C 1/75, was to secure a landing area for the transports. The Rangers were to fly from Egypt to Manazariyeh, Iran, and take the airfield there. They would land, if possible, or jump if resistance was offered. Once the airfield, which was thirty-five miles south of Teheran, was secure, the Rangers would hold it while C-141s arrived to airlift the hostages and their rescuers back to Egypt. The Rangers would then "dry up," or remove all signs of their presence, render the field useless, and be airlifted out themselves.

Taking and securing a hostile airfield within enemy territory is one of the primary components of the Ranger mission. They were prepared to hold the field as long as necessary if there were not enough transports to take everyone out in one trip. During training, the Rangers worked out all probable scenarios on a mock-up of the type of airfield in Iran.

Desert One was aborted at the first stage when two Sea Stallions crashed into each other on landing, killing the crews. One helicopter had aborted before leaving the carrier. it had been determined that at least six helicopters were necessary for the mission to succeed fewer than six automatically canceled the rescue attempt. C 1/75 never left Egypt. The Rangers in the road watch team returned with Delta.

Grenada

The farsightedness of General Abrams' decision, as well as the combat effectiveness of the Ranger battalions, was proven during the United States' deployment on October 25, 1983, to Grenada. The mission of the Rangers was to protect the lives of American citizens and restore democracy to the island. The Rangers had little time to prepare for their role in Urgent Fury, the invasion of Grenada. Within hours of receiving orders to move, Ranger units were marshaling at Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia, prepared to board C-130s and MC-130s for the ride to Grenada. Their first objective was Point Salines airfield, located on the island's most southwestern point. While securing the airfield, Rangers were to secure the True Blue Campus at Salines, where American medical students were in residence. As quickly as possible, Ranger units were then to take the army camp at Calivigny.

Things started to go wrong as the operation began. A Navy SEAL team was unable to get ashore; they were to have provided intelligence on the airfield at Salines. H-hour, originally scheduled during darkness, was moved several times until morning twilight. In the lead MC-130s there were problems with the inertial navigation equipment. Since there were no hatch mount antennas on the cargo doors of the aircraft, communications to Ranger units were delayed while passing through Air Force communications.

While in the air, the Rangers were notified of photographic intelligence indicating obstructions on the field. Instead of landing, the majority of transport would have to drop all the Rangers at Salines so the runway could be cleared.

In some aircraft the men were told to remove their harness, rucksack, and main and reserve parachutes. These items were placed in kit bags and moved forward to facilitate off-loading troops and cargo. before long, the loadmasters were yelling, "Only thirty minutes fuel left. Rangers are fighting. Jump in Twenty minutes."

These Rangers now had to re-rig for the drop, unpacking nonessential equipment and pulling on parachutes. Rucksacks had to be hooked under the reserve pack and weapons strapped to the left side. Under these conditions it was not possible for the jumpmaster to check each man, so buddy rigging was employed.

Aboard the lead MC-130, navigation equipment failed and the pilot reported he could not guarantee finding the landing zone. Rain squalls made it impossible to employ a lead change, so both lead aircraft pulled away to the south. As the Rangers approached the target, the aircraft were out of assigned order and the planned order of arrival was no longer possible. This meant that the runway clearing team would not be the first on the field. The Rangers then requested a mass parachute assault, a contingency previously planned, so that only the order of exit from the aircraft would be affected, but the Air Force would not conduct a mass drop.

On October 25, 1983, at 0534 the first Rangers began dropping at Salines: a platoon of B 1/75 and the Battalion Tactical Operations Center (TOC), followed almost 25 minutes later by part of A 1/75. Over a half hour later the rest of A 1/75, minus seven men were over Salines. It was now 0634, but the remaining men of 1/75 would not be on the ground until 07:05.

Men of 1/75 assembled on the east end of the runway. They were short C 1/75, which had been sent with sixty Special Operations Forces troops to take the Richmond Hill prison. The Ranger battalions were already operating below strength. One reason for this seems to have been the fact that a limited number of aircraft and aircrews were trained for night operations.

Over one and a half hours elapsed from the first drop of 1/75 until the last unit was on the ground shortly after seven in the morning. These men jumped from 500 feet so they would be in the air between 12 and 15 seconds. Their drop zone was very narrow because there was water on the north and south sides only a few meters from the runway.

At 07:07 the 2nd Battalion began to drop. For several hours their aircraft had orbited, waiting to unload and refuel. They dropped in a much shorter period, and all but one man was safely on the ground. One Ranger broke his leg, and one Ranger's static line became tangled as he exited the aircraft, dragging him against the tail of the plane before he was hauled back aboard. 2/75 assembled on the western end of the runway.

Once on the ground, 1/75 was not under effective fire, and thus could begin to clear the runway of blocking trucks and bulldozers. Some of the vehicles had keys in them; others were hot-wired and removed. A Cuban bulldozer was used to flatten the stakes that had been driven into the ground with wires between them, and to push aside the drums placed on the runway. For fifteen minutes there was no enemy fire, and the Rangers worked without interruption.

By 10:00, 1/75 had its second platoon at the True Blue Campus and its first and third platoons had moved north of the runway. In the center, B1/75, had moved north and was holding the high ground not far from the Cuban headquarters. Units of 2/75 had cleared the area west of the airfield as well as the area north of their drop zone to Canoe Bay. The airfield was secure, and the C-130s, which had gone to Barbados to refuel, returned to unload equipment not dropped - which included jeeps, motorcycles, and Hughes 500 Defender helicopters.

Eight hours after landing, the commander of B 2/75, was notified that two Rangers were missing near their positions. The company commander decide the missing men must be near a building which lay between B Company and the Cuban positions. A Cuban construction worker was sent forward with an eleven-man Ranger squad under a flag of truce. While the Rangers remained outside, the Cuban entered and spoke with those inside, who agreed to a truce if the Rangers would treat the Cuban wounded. Two Rangers and seventeen wounded Cubans were evacuated. Afterward, the Ranger commander called for the Cubans to surrender, and 80 to 100 did so. The remainder surrendered later, after a brief fight, to the 82nd Airborne.

At 15:30 that afternoon, a counterattack was launched toward A 1/75, consisting of three BTR-60s, which moved through 2nd platoons firing positions, firing toward the runway. The Rangers countered with rifles, M-60s, LAWs, and a recoilless rifle. Two of the BTRs hit each other when the first one halted. Both were disabled. The third began a hasty retreat and was hit in the rear. It was finally destroyed by an AC-130 Spectre gunship.

The last action of the first day took place east of True Blue Campus, where Rangers came under fire from a house on top of a prominent hill, 1,000 meters east of the runway. No Spectre gunship was available, so an A-7 attack plane finally destroyed the house, but only after several duds landed alarmingly near the Rangers.

At the end of the first day in Grenada, the Rangers had secured the airfield and True Blue Campus at a cost of five dead and six wounded. Unfortunately, C 1/75, had run into a more difficult situation. When their Black Hawk helicopters arrived at the prison, the local defenses were active. Perched on a high ridge whose sides were almost vertical and covered by dense foliage, the prison was surrounded by walls twenty feet high and topped with barbed wire and watchtowers covering the area. Intelligence had failed to report the presence of two antiaircraft guns on a ridge some 150 feet higher then the prison, which brought the Black Hawks under fire. It was impossible to use ropes to lower the Rangers. The helicopters had to remain steady during this operation, making the Rangers and crews easy targets. No air support was possible at this time, since all small aircraft were engaged at Salines.

At least two attempts were made to bring the Black Hawks in to unload troops, but antiaircraft fire hit pilots, crew, and the attacking troops. Suppressive fire from the Black Hawks was ineffective because of their violent maneuvers Although some Rangers walked away from the crashed Black Hawks, others were badly hurt and were not immediately evacuated. Part of the evacuation problem seems to have been that Army pilots could not land aboard Navy ships because they were not qualified to do so, although this was eventually waived.

Intelligence failed at the prison and also when the Rangers were not informed until 1030 on the morning of the 25 October that there were still students at the second campus at Grand Anse. Students reported guards in the area, but the Rangers thought that they could bring the students out. A heliborne operation with Marine airlift from the Guam was planned. Marine helicopter squadron 261 was to provide the helicopters, with supporting fire from C-130 gunships, ships off the coast, and the Marines two remaining Cobra attack helicopters. American suppressive fire would continue until 20 seconds before the Rangers were committed.

The Rangers would fly to the objective in three waves, each composed of three CH-46s. Each wave of three would carry a company of Rangers, about 50 men. A 1/75 would go in first, followed by B 1/75, which was to cordon off the campus to prevent outside intervention. C 1/75 would then arrive, its mission to locate the students and pack them into four CH-53s waiting offshore.

During lift-off the order of aircraft somehow became confused. Instead of the lead flight having three CH-46s carrying A 1/75, the first load had one from A co. and two from B co. Consequently, the second wave had two from A co. and one from B co. The first three aircraft missed the designated beach in front of the campus. There was sporadic small arms fire, but the only serious damage came from overhanging trees. One helicopter shut down and was abandoned in the surf, but the Rangers scrambled out as water poured in. Later a second machine was damaged by a tree.

The orbiting Sea Stallions were now brought in to remove the students. The Ch-46s returned and extracted the Rangers, completing the entire operation in 26 minutes. After leaving the beach, they realized that eleven men sent up as a flank guard had not returned. By radio these men were told to move toward positions held by the 82nd Airborne. the Rangers were not sure they could safely enter those lines, so they decided to use one of the inflatable boats from the disabled helicopter. However, the rafts had been damaged during the air assault. The Rangers soon had to swim alongside their damaged boat. having battled surf and tides for some time, they were spotted, picked up at 2300, and brought to the USS Caron lying off the coast.

One of the Rangers' initial D-day objectives, Calivigny barracks, had not been secured. Lying about 5 kilometers from the airfield, the barracks reportedly housed and trained troops. On 27 October, under the command of a Brigade Headquarters from the 82nd Airborne Division, a full scale attack was carried out by 2/75 and reinforced by C 1/75.

Four waves of four Black Hawks, each carrying a company to assault the camp, were to fly out to sea before heading to the beach, flying low over the water at about 100 knots. Support was furnished by Spectre gunships and Navy A-7s. At Salines the Army had seventeen 105mm howitzers, and at sea the USS Caron would supply fire support. A 2/75 was to land at the southern end of the compound, on the left and right C 2/75 was to set down. B 2/75 was to land in the southeast, assault suspected antiaircraft guns, and rejoin the other companies in the north. In reserve was C 1/75, which would also hold the southern end of the perimeter.

The Black Hawks came in over the waves, climbing sharply to the top of the cliffs. Quickly the pilots slowed down in order to find the exact landing zone inside the perimeter. Each Black Hawk came in rapidly, one behind the other. The first helicopter put down safely, near the southern boundary of the camp, and was followed by the second. The third Black Hawk suffered some damage, and spun forward, smashing into the second machine. In the fourth Black Hawk, the crew saw what was happening and veered hard right; the aircraft landed in a ditch, damaging its tail rotor. Apparently not realizing that the helicopters rotor was damaged, the pilot attempted to move the Black Hawk, which rose sharply, seemed to spin forward, and crashed. In twenty seconds three machines were down. Debris and rotor blades flew through the air, badly wounding four Rangers and killing three who, sadly, were the only deaths in 2/75.

A 2/75 regrouped as C 2/75 landed on large concrete pads on the edge of the compound. B 2/75 also landed safely, and moved on its objective. C 1/75 also landed without incident. Contrary to expectations, the barracks were deserted. The Rangers found nothing. That night they slept in the rubble caused by the intense bombardment. this was their last action before returning to the United States.

As a result of the demonstrated effectiveness of the Ranger Battalions, the Department of the Army announced in 1984, that if was increasing the size of the active duty Ranger force to its highest level in forty years, by activating another Ranger Battalion and a Ranger Regimental Headquarters These new units, the Id Battalion, 75th Infantry (Ranger), and Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 75th Infantry (Ranger), received their colors on October 3, 1984, at Fort Benning, Georgia. The activation ceremonies were a step into the future for the Ranger Regiment, and a link to the past, as they were held concurrently with the first reunion of the Korean War-era Rangers. Distinguished visitors and proud Rangers, both active duty and retired, joined to hail the historic activation of the Headquarters, 75th Ranger Regiment. On February 3, 1986, World War II Battalions and Korean War Lineage and Honors were consolidated and assigned by tradition to the 75th Ranger Regiment. This marked the first time that an organization of that size had been officially recognized as the parent headquarters of the Ranger Battalions.

Panama

On October 3, 1984, the Department of the Army announced the activation of the 3rd Ranger Battalion and on February 3, 1986, the 75th Ranger Regimental Headquarters at Fort Benning. This historic event marked a new era for the Rangers; with over 2000 soldiers, the modern battalions had a number of men unseen since World War II.

The entire Regiment would participate in the invasion of Panama on December 20, 1989. The Rangers were to secure Torrijos-Tocumen International Airport, Rio Hato Military Airfield, and then Noriega's beach house. Rangers who dropped at Torillos later moved into Panama City, where they took the military headquarters of the Panamanian Defense Forces. Conducting simultaneous low level parachute jumps, 1/75, C company 3/75, and Team Gold from RHQ would capture Torrijos-Tocumen International Airport, while 2/75, A and B 3/75, and Team Black of RHQ would take over Rio Hato Airfield. At Rio Hato heavy antiaircraft fire was encountered and one Ranger was hit in the back of the head while still in the airplane. He survived, but five Rangers were killed in the operation. the Rangers secured the perimeter of the field before the Panamanians began to test the defenses. At Rio Hato the Rangers were supported by AC-130 Spectre gunships, whose target acquisition cameras found targets in the dark. Two hours after the drop at Rio Hato, the airfield was secure enough for transport aircraft to begin landing with supplies and additional equipment for the Rangers.

Once the airfields were secure, the Rangers then carried out special operations in support of Joint Task Force (South). They moved against the Panamanian special forces called the Mountain Troops. Rangers moved from house to house in the compound, and the village where the families of the soldiers lived. Many of the Mountain Troops were caught trying to shave off their distinctive beards. On the fifth day of the operation the Rangers were sent to secure Calle Diez, an area some twenty to twenty-five miles from Panama City, held by the "Dignity Battalions."

Rangers took many pictures of Panamanian and foreign property, aircraft, shops, and houses to show that property was still intact and protected by the U.S. Army. This prevented false claims and probably saved the United States many hundreds of thousands of dollars. Rangers also guarded buildings- such as the Vatican embassy where President Noriega took refuge- to see that no damage was done. Sustaining five killed in action and 42 wounded, the Rangers captured 1014 prisoners of war and over 18000 Panamanian arms. They accomplished the mission given to the for operation Just Cause: the removal of Manuel Noriega and members of the Panamanian Defense Force loyal to him. The Rangers returned home on January 7, 1990.

Desert storm

The Rangers fought again in Operation Desert Storm. Bravo Company and 1st platoon with weapons platoon attachments of Alpha company, 1st Ranger Battalion, deployed from February 12, 1991 to April 6, 1991. they conducted pin-point raids and quick reaction force missions in cooperation with Allied Forces. No casualties were sustained by the Rangers. In December 1991, 1/75 and the Regimental headquarters deployed to Kuwait in a show of force known as Operation Iris Gold. The Rangers performed an airborne assault onto Ali Al Salem airfield, near Kuwait City, conducted a lengthy foot march through devastation (including mine fields) left from the ground campaign, conducted a live fire exercise and marched back out. For this action, the battalion was awarded the SouthWest Asia Service Medal (SWASM) with bronze campaign star. The Rangers jumped into Kuwait during daylight hours.

Somalia

The next deployment of the Rangers occurred in Somalia in 1993. B 3/75 was deployed from August 26, 1993 to October 21, 1993 to assist United Nations Forces in bringing order to a desperately chaotic and starving nation. The Rangers took part in seven missions trying to capture Mohammed Aidid and his top lieutenants in order to end Aidid's guerrilla war against the U.N.'s efforts to feed the Somali people.

On October 3, 1993 (exactly nine years after the reactivation of 3rd Battalion), B company and members of Special Force Operational Detachment- Delta set out to capture two of Aidid's officers in the Olympic Hotel, one of the most dangerous parts of the city. After moving to the objective, the team assigned to grab the two followers of Aidid succeeded in their task and called for extraction within twenty minutes of the first assault. The Humvees were dispatched to evacuate the prisoners and the assault force. After being ambushed at the K-4 traffic circle the Humvees would reach the Olympic Hotel, and begin extracting. Then a UH-60 Black Hawk was shot down by a rocket propelled grenade, and the Rangers would begin a courageous rescue operation that would grow into the most intense firefight since the Vietnam War.

The Rangers then moved to and secured the downed UH-60. Then another Black Hawk was shot down. Under severe fire from machine guns, and hand and rocket propelled grenades, the Rangers grouped together and established a perimeter inside buildings to treat their wounded and wait for extraction. The relief column, composed of cooks and other Rangers received heavy fire enroute to their fellow Rangers. They would be reinforced with elements of the 10th Mountain, Pakistani and Malaysian armored vehicles to help extract the wounded and fallen Rangers. The Rangers would return to the airfield early in the morning on October 4.

The Rangers lost 6 men and had numerous wounded. The Somalis fared far worse- the Rangers delivered devastating firepower at them and killed approximately 300 of their forces, not including wounded. A 3/75 would deploy to Somalia from October 5, 1993 to 23 October 1993 in support of United Nations operations.

The Rangers have led the way in battle from the era of the flintlock to the age of the night vision device and the M-16A2. Stealth, speed, bravery, and a commitment to duty have been the attributes of the men who have borne the title "Ranger." A look into the Ranger past is no dead history exercise, but a glimpse at what Rangers have always been and remain as to this day.

[Cop]

Обобщаем, где и в каких операциях участвовали рейнджеры:

Колониальная война с французами и индейцами

Война с французами и индейцами ознаменовала возвращение рейнджеров. Майор Роберт Роджерс (Major Robert Rogers) из Нью-Хэмпшира (New Hampshire) организовал девять рот рейнджеров для вооруженной борьбы на стороне британцев с 1756 до 1763 гг. Он издал список из 28 общих правил здравого смысла (поведения рейнджеров) и набор из 19 постоянных распоряжений, особо выделяющих оперативную готовность, безопасность, и тактику. Он сформировал программу обучения, в которой он лично контролировал применение его правил. В июне 1758 г., Роджерс проводил тренировочные упражнения со стрельбой боевыми зарядами.

Действия Роджерса характеризовались серьезной подготовкой и смелыми маенврами. Самой известной операцией рейнджеров Роджерса был рейд против индейцев племени Абенаки (Abenaki), известных своей свирепостью. Отряд численностью 200 человек осуществил поход пешим маршем и на лодках и покрыл расстояние в 400 миль примерно за 60 дней. Достигнув родового лагеря племени необнаруженными, 29 сентября 1759 г. рейнджеры разрушили его и убили несколько сотен индейцев. После этого ранее внушавшее страх племя Абенаки более никогда не представляло угрозу.

Рейнджеры нарушили традиции ведения войны в новых землях (в Новом Свете) - в то время как другие подразделения в течение зимы становились на зимние квартиры, они продолжали вооруженную борьбу с индейцами и французами, используя лыжи, снегоступы, и даже коньки. Рейнджеры отличились как скауты (разведчики) и смертельно опасные противники.


Вторая мировая война

В мае 1942 г. генерал Трускот предложил создать в Армии США диверсионные части по аналогии с британской SAS. В июне 1942 г. из американских добровольцев был создан 1-й батальон рейнджеров и направлен в Шотландию для прохождения подготовки. Первая боевая операция - в Северной Африке в ноябре 1942 г. Всего в ходе Второй мировой войны было сформировано 6 батальонов рейнджеров, которые были расформированы к концу 1945 г.

1950-1953 гг. Война в Корее (Korean War).
Отдельные роты рейнджеров в составе:
- 2-я пехотная дивизия (2nd Infantry Division) - 1-я рота рейнджеров (1st Ranger Co);
- 7-я пехотная дивизия (7th Infantry Division) - 2-я рота рейнджеров (2nd Ranger Co);
- 3-я пехотная дивизия (3rd Infantry Division) - 3-я рота рейнджеров (3rd Ranger Co);
- 1-я кавалерийская (1st Cavalry Division) - 4-я рота рейнджеров (4th Ranger Co);
- 25-я пехотная дивизия (25th Infantry Division) - 5-я рота рейнджеров (5th Ranger Co);
- 24-я пехотная дивизия (24th Infantry Division) - 8-я рота рейнджеров (5th Ranger Co).
В ходе войны в Корее, было вновь сформировано 15 (по другим данным - 14) рот рейнджеров.
Помимо участвовавших в войне остальные роты рейнджеров остались в СШАх или были переброшены в ФРГ.
Задачи рейнджеров в Корейской войне:
- диверсии за линией фронта;
- ведение разведки в интересах тех соединений, в которые они входили;
- блокирование передвижений войск противника.
Операции:
13-15 февраля 1951 г. Сражение около Chipyong. Участвовало 18000 чел. л.с. со стороны войск ООН. 23-й полк 2-й пехотной дивизии (23rd Regiment (2nd Infantry Division)), французский батальон (French Battalion), 1-я рота рейнджеров (1st Ranger Company), 37-й батальон полевой артиллерии (37th Field Artillery Battalion), батарея "B" 82-го зенитного артиллерийского батальона (Battery B of the 82nd Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion).
23 -е марта 1951 г., десантная операция "Томахок" (Tomahawk) по блокированию войск противника, дислоцированных вокруг Сеула.
Участвовали 2-я и 4-я рота рейнджеров (2nd & 4th Airborne Ranger Co’s) совместно с оперативно-боевой группой 187-го воздушно-десантного полка - 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team (187th ARCT). Зона высадки (Dropzone) - Munsan, всего участвовало л.с. - 3486 чел.
Суть операции: захват нескольких высот, затем при поддержке авиации и минометов были блокированы и зачищены несколько деревень.

В связи с планируемым созданием войск специального назначения в
1951 г. все роты рейнджеров были расформированы.

15 апреля 1960 г. 6 батальонов рейнджеров (включая 14 рот, сформированных в 1950 г.) и 1-й полк ССО были объединены в составе 1-го полка специального назначения и переданы в ведение Армии США.

16 января 1969 г. штаб Сухопутных сил ВС США разослал распоряжение о преобразовании отдельных частей глубинной разведки в роты 75-го полка рейнджеров. В Форте Беннинг (штат Джорджия) и Форте Карсон (штат Колорадо) были сформированы две роты (А и В).

7 марта 1969 г. года издан «Полевой устав рот рейнджеров глубинной разведки».

1969-1973 гг. Война во Вьетнаме (Vietnam War).
Отдельные роты рейнджеров в составе:
- 9-я пехотная дивизия (9th Infantry Division) - рота Е
- 25-я пехотная дивизия (25th Infantry Division) - рота F
- 1-я пехотная дивизия (1st Infantry Division) - рота I
- 23-я пехотная дивизия (23rd Infantry Division) - рота G
- 4-я пехотная дивизия (4th Infantry Division) - рота К
- 199-я пехотная бригада (199th Infantry Brigade) - рота М
- 173-я воздушно-десантная бригада (173rd Airborne Brigade) - рота N
- 1-я бригада 5-й пехотной дивизии (1st Bde, 5th Inf Div) - рота Р

Во время войны во Вьетнаем подразделения рейнджеров участвовали в следующих операциях: (перечень операций взят с сайта http://www.soc.mil/75thrr/75thrrcmpns.shtml , варианты перевода названий операций любезно предоставил уважаемый SSG Williams, Администратор Форума Ассоциации Военно-Исторических Клубов "VIETNAM" http://www.vietnamwar.ru/phpBB )

Advisory - Советование (или что-то в этом духе, примеч. SSG Williams)
Defense - Оборона
Counteroffensive - Контнаступление
Counteroffensive, Phase II - Контнаступление, фаза два
Counteroffensive, Phase III - Контнаступление, фаза три
Tet Counteroffensive - Контрнаступление Нового Года (Тэт)
Counteroffensive, Phase IV - Контнаступление, фаза четыре
Counteroffensive, Phase V - Контнаступление, фаза пять
Counteroffensive, Phase VI - Контнаступление, фаза шесть
Tet’69/Counteroffensive - Контрнаступление на Новый, 1969 год
Summer-Fall 1969 - Летнее падение, 1969 год
Winter-Spring 1970 - Наступательная компания "зима-весна" 1970 года
Sanctuary Counteroffensive Контрнаступление "Убежище"
Counteroffensive, Phase VII - Контнаступление, фаза семь
Consolidation I - Консолидация, фаза один
Consolidation II - Консолидация, фаза два
Cease-fire - Прекращение огня

В январе 1974 г. генерал Абрамс приказал сформировать батальоны рейнджеров. К 31 января 1974 г. был сформирован 1-й батальон с местом дислокации в Форте Стюарт, штат Джорджия (Ft. Stewart, Georgia), к 1 октября 1974 г. был сформирован 2-й батальон в Форте Льюис, штат Вашингтон (Ft. Lewis, Washington).

21-25 апреля 1980 г. Операция "Пустыня-1" (Desert One) по эвакуации заложников из американского посольства в Тегеране (Иран).
Участвовала рота С 1-го батальона 75-го полка (C 1/75).

Злополучная попытка спасти персонал американского Посольства, взятый в заложники в Тегеране (Иран), проведенная под кодовым названием "Пустыня-1", была прежде всего операцией Сил специальных операций. Изначально не было известно, что рейнджеры также должны были принять участие в этой операции. В то время как 1st SFOD Delta должна была непосредственно осуществлять спасательную операцию, рота C 1-го батальона 75-го полка рейнджеров должна были обеспечить охрану людей и оборудования.
Силы спасателей были собраны в Египте 21 апреля 1980 г. Три дня спустя, группа самолетов C-141 несла 120 человек к острову Masirah, недалеко от Оманского побережья, куда они были перемещены на трех МС-130, сопровождаемым тремя самолетами-топливозаправщиками EC-130. Они совершили посадку в 200-х милях к юго-востоку от Тегерана в 22.00 и ждали прибытия восьми вертолетов морской авиации RH-53D Си Стэльен (Sea Stallion) c авианосца Нимиц (Nimitz). Команда наблюдателей в количестве двенадцати человек, составленная прежде всего из рейнджеров, прибыла, чтобы обеспечить охрану зоны посадки на время повторной заправки вертолетов топливом. Команда должна была возвратиться в Египет на одном из МС-130.
Группа "Дельта" должна была прилететь к тайному (замаскированному) району посадки на рассвете 25 апреля на вертолетах RH-53D, которые должны были оставаться на их собственной замаскированной позиции до момента штурма места, где удерживались заложники. План состоял в том, чтобы использовать вертолеты, чтобы переправить заложников на ожидающий их транспорт.
Задача роты C 1-го батальона 75-го полка состояла в том, чтобы обеспечить охрану зоны приземления для авиатранспорта. Рейнджеры должны были лететь из Египта до Manazariyeh (Иран), и взять там под контроль летное поле. Они или приземлились бы, если это было бы возможно, или совершили десантирование с воздуха в случае, если бы им было оказано сопротивление. В случае, если летное поле, которое находилось в тридцати пяти милях к югу от Тегерана, было бы взято под контроль, рейнджеры должны были удерживать его до момента прибытия C-141, который должен был перебросить по воздуху заложников и их спасателей назад в Египет. Рейнджеры в этом случае должны были "испариться", или удалить все признаки своего пребывания, вывести летное поле из строя и эвакуироваться по воздуху.
Взятие под контроль и обеспечение охраны летного поля в на вражеской территории - один из первичных элементов спектра задач рейнджеров. Они были готовы держать летное поле так долго, как это было необходимо, в том числе в случае, если воздушного транспорта оказалось бы недостаточно для того, чтобы вывезти всех за один рейс. В течение тренировок рейнджеры отрабатывали все вероятные сценарии на макете летного поля в Иране.
Операция "Пустыня-1" была прервана в первой стадии, когда два вертолета Sea Stallion врезались столкнулись при приземлении, а их экипажи и десант погибли. Один вертолет вышел из строя перед взлетом с авианосца. Было определено, что для успеха миссии были необходимы по крайней мере шесть вертолетов, количество вертолетов меньше чем шесть автоматически отменило попытку спасения. Рота C 75 полка в течение операции так и не покидала территорию Египта. Рейнджеры в составе команды наблюдателей вернулись вместе с группой "Дельта".


1983 г. Операция "Срочная Ярость" (Urgent Fury) в Гренаде (Grenada)
1-й и 2-й батальоны рейнджеров (1st Ranger batallion, 2-nd Ranger batallion) - с 25 по 28 октября 1983 г.

В 1984 г. было создано US SOCOM - Командование Сил специальных операций США, куда организационно вошел 75-й полк рейнджеров.

3 октября 1984 г. Министерство Армии (Department of the Army) объявило о создании 3-го батальона рейнджеров (3rd Ranger Battalion)
3 февраля 1986 г. сформирован штаб 75-го полка (75th Ranger Regimental Headquarters) с базированием в Форте Беннинг (Fort Benning).
Это историческое событие открыло новую эру для рейнджеров; имея в своем составе более чем 2000 солдат, современные батальоны невидимо имели за своей спиной множество бойцов начиная со Второй Мировой Войны.

1989 г. Операция "Правое дело" (Just Cause) в Панаме (Panama). Участвовал 75-й полк рейнджеров (75th Ranger Regiment), все 3 батальона (1-75th RGR, 2-75th RGR, 3-75th RGR).
Задачи рейнджеров: блокирование международного аэропорта Ториллос (Torillos air field), военного аэродрома Рио Хато (Rio Hato Military Airfield), дома генерала Норьеги (Noriega) на побережье, обезвреживание панамского спецназа (горных частей) - Panamanian special forces called the Mountain Troops.
По подразделениям:
1-й батальон, рота С 3-го батальона и "Золотая" команда штаба полка (Team Gold from RHQ) захватили международный аэропорт Торрихос-Токумен (Torrijos-Tocumen International Airport).
2-й батальон, роты А и В 3-го батальона, и "Черная" команд штаба полка (Team Black of RHQ) при поддержке самолетов-"ганшипов" АС-130 "Спектре" (AC-130 Spectre gunship) взяли под контроль военный аэродром Рио-Хато (Rio Hato Military Airfield).
На 5-й день операции рейнджеры были переброшены для охраны района Колле-Диаз (Calle Diez).

В полном составе 75-й полк должен был участвовать во вторжении в Панаму 20 декабря 1989 г. Рейнджеры должны были обеспечить взятие под контроль и охрану международного аэропорта Торрихос-Токумен (Torrijos-Tocumen International Airport), военного аэродрома Рио-Хато (Rio Hato Military Airfield), и затем - дом генерала Норьеги на побережье. Рейнджеры, которые десантировались в Ториллос (Torillos), позже передислоцировались в Панама Сити (Panama City), где они взяли военный штаб панамских Вооруженных сил (Panamanian Defense Forces). Проводя одновременное парашютное десантирование с малых высот, 1-й батальон 75-го полка, рота C 3-го батальона 75-го полка, и "Золотая" команда штаба полка должны были захватить международный аэропорт Торрихос-Токумен, в то время как 2-й батальон 75-го полка, и рота B 3-го батальона 75-го полка, и "Черная" команда штаба полка должна была захватывать военный аэродром Рио-Хато. В Рио-Хато рейнджеры столкнулись с тяжелым (вероятно - артиллерийским) зенитным огнем, и один рейнджер был поражен в затылок еще в самолете. Он выжил, но пять рейнджеров были убиты в операции. Рейнджеры закрепились по периметру летного поля прежде, чем панамцы начали проверять их на боеспособность. В Рио-Хато рейнджеры действовали при поддержке самолетов специального назначения AC-130 "Спектре" ("ганшип"), чьи системы управления огнем своими камерами наблюдения обнаруживали цели в темноте. Спустя два часа после высадки в Рио-Хато, летное поле было достаточно безопасно для посадки транспортных самолетов для того, чтобы они могли начать доставку припасов и дополнительного снаряжения для рейнджеров.
Как только летные поля были взяты под контроль, рейнджеры провели специальные операции в поддержку Объединенной группировки (Юг). Они были направлены против панамских сил специального назначения, известных как горные части. рейнджеры проводили зачистки в деревнях, где жили многие солдаты из панамских горных частей, двигаясь от дома к дому. Многие панамские военнослужащие из горных частей были пойманы при попытках сбрить свои бороды, по которым их можно было отличить. На пятый день операции рейнджеры были направлены на выполнение задачи по охране района Колле Диез (Calle Diez), области приблизительно в двадцати - двадцати пяти милях от Панама Сити, при поддержке "Dignity Battalions."
Рейнджеры делали много снимков панамцев и иностранной собственности, самолетов, магазинов и зданий, чтобы показать, что эта собственность была все еще в сохранности и защищалась Армией США. Это предотвратило ложные заявления и вероятно сэкономило Соединенным Штатам много сотен тысяч долларов. Рейнджеры также охраняли здания - типа посольства Ватикана, где президент Норьега нашел себе убежище - чтобы можно было видеть, что никакой ущерб им не был нанесен. Потеряв в операциях пять человек убитыми и 42 раненными, рейнджеры захватили 1014 военнопленных и более чем 18000 единиц панамского стрелкового оружия. Они выполнили цель миссии, заданную для операции "Правое дело": устранение от власти Мануэля Норьеги и лояльного к нему личного состава панамских Вооруженных сил. Рейнджеры возвратились домой 7 января 1990 г.

1990 г. Операция "Щит пустыни" (Desert Sheild), развертывание в Саудовской Аравии (Saudi Arabia).

1991 г. Операция "Буря в пустыне" (Desert Storm), Кувейт (Kuwait).
Рота В (Bravo Company) и 1-й взвод (1st platoon) совместно со взводом тяжелого оружия (weapons platoon) роты А (Alpha company) 1-го батальона (1st Ranger Battalion) были развернуты в период с 12 февраля 1991 г. до 6 апреля 1991 г. Они проводили точечные рейдовые операции (pin-point raids) и миссии по быстрому реагированию (quick reaction force missions) совместно с Объединенной группировкой США и их союзников (Allied Forces). В декабре 1991 г. 1-й батальон и штабная рота (Regimental headquarters Company) были развернуты в Кувейте (Kuwait) для проведения обычных тренировок в качестве демонстрации силы (a routine training exercise as a show of force). Рейнджеры провели воздушно-штурмовую операцию на аэродроме Али Аль Салем (Ali Al Salem airfield) неподалеку от столицы Кувейта, затем совершили продолжительный пеший марш по территории, опустошенной войной (в том числе по минным полям). Завершив наземную операцию, они провели тренировочные стрельбы и маршем вернулись назад. За эту операцию батальон был награжден медалью за службу в Юго-западной Азии (SouthWest Asia Service Medal (SWASM)) с бронзовой звездой кампании.

1993 г. Операция "Возрождения надежды" (Restore Hope), Сомали (Somalia).
3-й батальон рейнджеров (3-75th RGR), рота В.
Входила в состав группировки "Task Force Ranger", которая в количестве 450 человек была развернута в Могадишо в конце августа 1993 г. под командованием генерал-майора Уильяма Ф. Гаррисона (Maj. Gen. William F. Garrison). Группировка состояла преимущественно из позразделения С группы "Дельта" (Delta Force Squadron C) из Форта Брэгг, штат Северная Каролина (Fort Bragg, North Carolina – N.C.), роты "Браво" 75-го полка (Bravo Company of the 75th Ranger Regiment) из Форта Беннинг, штат Джорджия (Fort Benning, Georgia – Ga.), и из подразделения вертолетов (helicopter unit), известного как ''Nightstalkers'' - из состава 160-го авиаполка Сил специальных операций ВВС США (160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment) из Форта Кэмпбелл, штат Кентукки (Fort Campbell, Kentucky – Ky).
Рота В 3-го батальона 75-го полка была переброшена в Сомали 26 августа 1993 г. и находилась там до конца октября 1993 г.
3-4 октября - BHD
С 5 октября 1993 по 23 октября 1993 г. - поддержка операций сил ООН (support of United Nations operations).


2001-2004 гг. Операция "Несокрушимая свобода" (Enduring Freedom), Афганистан (Afghanistan).

По Афганистану можно с высокой долей вероятности утверждать, что рейнджеры участвовали в штурме укрепленного района Тора-Бора, т.к. в зарубежных источниках упоминается о применении РПГ (безоткатных орудий) "Карл Густав" при штурме Тора-Бора для разрушения бункеров (долговременных укреплений), а как известно, эти РПГ состоят в ВС США на вооружении только в 75-м полку рейнджеров.
Судя по данным сайта http://www.ranger.org в операциях на территории Афганистана принимает участие:
1-й батальон 75-го полка (1st Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment), в том числе подразделения этого батальона принимали участие в операции "Анаконда" (Operation Anaconda) в марте 2002 г., где понесли потери. В том числе в ходе операции Анаконда 4 марта 2002 г. погиб Spc. Marc A. Anderson - во время обстрела вертолета СН-47 около горы Takur Ghar - рота А 1-го батальона (Company A, 1st Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment).
Также есть сведения о потерях в роте А 2-го батальона в Афганистане (Company A, 2nd Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment) - в апреле 2004 г. погиб Cpl. Patrick D. Tillman.


2003-2004 гг. Операция "Свобода Ираку" (Iraqi Freedom), Ирак (Iraq).
Судя по сводкам о погибших рейнджерах на сайте http://www.ranger.org, в операции "Свобода Ираку" точно участвует рота А 3-го батальона (A Company 3rd Battalion 75th Ranger Regiment).

[Cop]

Из операций рейнджеров переведены на данный момент: Иран, Панама, "Буря в пустыне".

[Julia]

Из операций рейнджеров переведены на данный момент: Иран, Панама, "Буря в пустыне".

Ну тогда беру себе Гренаду

[Cop]

В переводной части дополнены сведения по операциям рейнджеров в Сомали, Афганистане и Ираке из других источников

[Cop]

Переведен раздел "Колониальная война с французами и индейцами"

[Komuccap]

Кто будет реконструировать индейцев? И, что меня болше всего волнует, индеек? Предлагаю назначить Юлю хранительницей очага.

[Cop]

Кто будет реконструировать индейцев? И, что меня болше всего волнует, индеек? Предлагаю назначить Юлю хранительницей очага.

Термин "деффки" отменяется, вводится термин "скво"?

[Julia]

Кто будет реконструировать индейцев? И, что меня болше всего волнует, индеек? Предлагаю назначить Юлю хранительницей очага.

Термин "деффки" отменяется, вводится термин "скво"?

Ага, а я сиди и принимай потом претензии от комитета по защите прав скво-ветеранок

[Cop]

Ага, а я сиди и принимай потом претензии от комитета по защите прав скво-ветеранок

Ну разве что от потомков Сюзанны Джонсон, бывшей в плену у племени Абенаки:

http://www.vtbookofdays.com/months/august/august31.html



Susannah Johnson was taken captive by Abenaki Indians 9-months pregnant and gave birth to Elizabeth Captive Johnson the following day.

On August 31, 1754, Susannah Johnson gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth Captive Johnson, near the Reading-Cavendish town line. She and her family had been taken captive the day before in an Abenaki raid on Fort No. Four in Charlestown, N. H. Eventually they returned to Massachusetts.
Mrs. Johnson revisited her daughter's birth site 50 years later and placed two slate markers, one with her story of captivity, and the other about her daughter's birth. They are known as the Indian Stones, and are the oldest historic markers in Vermont, and possibly in the United States.

[Cop]

А вот и форма рейнджеров Роджерса -

ROGER'S RANGERS COAT



price: $325.00

http://www.just2tailors.com/?category=R ... l_Clothing

а вот полный комплект:

http://www.hz-forum.de/portal/a_seiten/ ... %20front(M)500.jpg


А это для реконструкции индейцев Абенаки:

http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/t ... ihist2.htm

А тут инфа о пище, жилищах, строениях - делаем индейскую мирную деревню!

http://www.govwentworth.k12.nh.us/goals ... style.html

[Cop]

схема операции "Анаконда" в Афганистане

http://www.latimes.com/la-020502anacond ... 25.graphic

видео

http://www.cnn.com/video/world/2002/03/ ... n.med.html

http://www.cnn.com/video/world/2002/03/ ... n.med.html

[Cop]

Добавлены данные о тех операциях во время войны во Вьетнаме, в которых участвовали рейнджеры.